A model of mindful intercultural communication

In addition to the criteria and outcomes mentioned in this article, Stella Ting-Toomey’s 1999 model describes and elaborates on the components of mindful intercultural communication. These are “knowledge factors” such as cultural and personal values, language and verbal communication, relationship development and conflict management; “motivational factors” such as the need to be mindful of identity domains, identity needs and ethnocentric tendencies; and “skill factors”, which include mindful observation, listening and stereotyping, as well as the skills of flexible adaptation and constructive conflict management.